Chem assignment.

Metals have been the most widely used element in history. However, they cannot be made or reproduced. Aluminum and steel are two of the most recycled metals.

1) What will happen to the world if there are no more metals?



Metal is important to our society because if we didnt have metal we wouldn't be able to have the everyday living things we have today.

E.g kettles to make tea and coffee, toasters to make toast, chairs so we can sit on.

So therefore, if the world doesn't have metals anymore. we would not be able to have our daily necessities. We won't have buildings, computers, metal cans and more.
Vehicles and more cannot be made, no transportation. No place to put our food/clothing at. No more cell phones, no more coins and alot more.

2) Is it important to recycle metal?



Yes it is important to recycle metals!

3) Thus what are the reasons to recycling metals? Isn't it easier to obtain metals through its original form through extraction of metals?

• To ensure enough metals for experiments. If we simply throw away the old metals and use the new ones, earth would have scarce resource of metals in future.

Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_is_it_important_to_recycle_metals#ixzz1YbgJzKiy

• Even though aluminum and iron are the third and fourth most abundant elements in Earth's crust, the amount of energy used in refining and smelting aluminum and iron or steel is higher than the amount of energy used in reprocessing used metal products such as cans and other sorts of scrap metal.
  
• Carbon dioxide emissions and the use of clean water are also less in reprocessing previously refined metals.

Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_is_it_important_to_recycle_metals_like_aluminium#ixzz1YbgY9UAg

In the recycling of metals, what are some of the effects it has on the environment?



4) Think of the reactive ways that we can also play a part in recycling metals?

Scrap Metal Dealers

Contact local scrap metal dealers, who may accept household appliances such as stoves and cooking pans, automotive parts such as wheels and axles and construction materials such as plumbing and sheeting products, notes the Douglas County Public Works Department (OR). The facilities can give specific data on materials accepted, prices paid per type of metal and fees that may be incurred for materials requiring disassembly, such as propane tanks with valves.

Read more: http://www.livestrong.com/article/169907-easy-ways-to-recycle-scrap-metal/#ixzz1Ybh9IarC

Artwork

Transform scrap metal into works of art, recommends blistree.com. Metal scraps can be turned into decorative creations to make durable garden art. Scraps may be welded or soldered together to create art objects that can withstand inclement weather. Coat the art with a protective sealant to prevent rusting, unless you desire a weathered look.

Read more: http://www.livestrong.com/article/169907-easy-ways-to-recycle-scrap-metal/#ixzz1YbhDtyh9

Chemistry assignment 2011

A) History to naming formulae.

First of all, the summary of what chemistry is.

Chemistry (the etymology of the word has been much disputed) is the science of matter and the changes it undergoes.

The science of matter is also addressed by physics, but while physics takes a more general and fundamental approach, chemistry is more specialized, being concerned with the composition, behavior (or reaction), structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.IT'S HISTORY:

Ancient Egyptians pioneered the art of synthetic "wet" chemistry up to 4,000 years ago.

By 1000 BC ancient civilizations were using technologies that formed the basis of the various branches of chemistry such as; extracting metal from their ores, making pottery and glazes, fermenting beer and wine, making pigments for cosmetics and painting, extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, making cheese, dying cloth, tanning leather, rendering fat into soap, making glass, and making alloys like bronze.

The genesis of chemistry can be traced to the widely observed phenomenon of burning that led to metallurgy—the art and science of processing ores to get metals (e.g. metallurgy in ancient India).

The greed for gold led to the discovery of the process for its purification, even though the underlying principles were not well understood—it was thought to be a transformation rather than purification. Many scholars in those days thought it reasonable to believe that there exist means for transforming cheaper (base) metals into gold.

This gave way to alchemy and the search for the Philosopher's Stone which was believed to bring about such a transformation by mere touch.

A tentative outline is as follows:

1. Egyptian alchemy [3,000 BCE – 400 BCE], formulate early "element" theories such as the Ogdoad.
2. Greek alchemy [332 BCE – 642 CE], the Greek king Alexander the Great conquers Egypt and founds Alexandria, having the world's largest library, where scholars and wise men gather to study.
3. Arab alchemy [642 CE – 1200], the Muslim conquest of Egypt; development of alchemy by Jābir ibn Hayyān, al-Razi and others; Jābir modifies Aristotle's theories; advances in processes and apparatus.^[14]
4. European alchemy [1300 – present], Pseudo-Geber builds on Arabic chemistry.^{[citation needed]} From the 12th century, major advances in the chemical arts shifted from Arab lands to western Europe.^[14]
5. Chemistry [1661], Boyle writes his classic chemistry text The Sceptical Chymist.
6. Chemistry [1787], Lavoisier writes his classic Elements of Chemistry.
7. Chemistry [1803], Dalton publishes his Atomic Theory.
8. Chemistry [1869], Dmitry Mendeleev presented his Periodic table being the framework of the modern chemistry

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry



B) What is the concept behind the naming?

First things first.
- A binary compound is one that is composed of two elements that have been chemically combined. - An ionic compound is one formed when a metal chemically combines with a non-metal.
(This chemical combination will always result in an ionic compound.)

In determining the formula of a binary ionic compound, we will follow a set of steps until you are comfortable with the process...

First of all, you will need to know or at least have access to a listing of common ions, their symbols, their charges (valences), and their names.

Some elements have more than one possible charge or valence. These are referred to as the multi-valent elements.

Iron for instance has a +2 charge (Iron II or Ferrous) in some compounds and a +3 charge (Iron III or Ferric) in other compounds so we will have to recognize in which state the Iron is in and write the formula accordingly.

So for example what is the formula of Copper (I) Oxide?

1. Identify the symbols of the cation and anion

   Copper is Cu and Oxide is O

2. Identify the charge for each and place above the symbol in parenthesis

   For Copper I that would be +1 and for Oxide that would be -2

3. Balance the positive and negative charges

   Since each Copper is +1 and each Oxide is -2 then it will take two Cu⁺ to balance one oxide with a -2 so that

   2(+1) + 1(-2) = 0. The numbers outside the parenthesis become the subscripts in the formula

Source: http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/naming/formulawriting.htm

C) Does ate represent 3 Oxygen atoms?

The answer is no, they contain oxygen. The difference between ATE and ITE is that the ones with ITE contains 1 oxygen less than the same ones with the ATE.

*The -ate and -ite represent different polyatomic ions containing oxygen; the exact formula and number of oxygen atoms depends on the specific ion. An -ate ion typically has one oxygen atom more than an -ite ion.*

Source: Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_does_-ate_or_-ite_at_the_end_of_a_compound_mean#ixzz1Rt33BJJN

Chemistry assignment

I'm doing this research so as so to hope that after people read this post that i've just posted, they would understand the causes of global warming and the things we can, should and would do to prevent global warming from deteriorating.


What's the cause of global warming?
First of all, let's start by understand what stirs up global warming.

• Almost 100% of the observed temperature increase over the last 50 years has been due to the increase in the atmosphere of greenhouse gas concentrations like...
• water vapour, carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane and ozone.
  

• The green house effect.
  

What is green house effect?

• Greenhouse gases are those gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect.
  
• The largest contributing source of greenhouse gas is the burning of fossil fuels leading to the emission of carbon dioxide.

What is the cause of green house effect?

• When sunlight reaches Earth's surface some is absorbed and warms the earth and most of the rest is radiated back to the atmosphere at a longer wavelength than the sun light.
  
• Some of these longer wavelengths are absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere before they are lost to space.
  
• The absorption of this long wave radiant energy warms the atmosphere.
  
• These greenhouse gases act like a mirror and reflect back to the Earth some of the heat energy which would otherwise be lost to space.
  
• The reflecting back of heat energy by the atmosphere is called the "greenhouse effect".

The major natural greenhouse gases consist of :

• water vapor- 36-70% of the greenhouse effect on earth (excluding the clouds)
• Carbon dioxide (CO₂) 9-26%
• Methane - 4-9% N lastly...
• Ozone - 3-7%.

It's highly unlikely to say that a certain gas causes a certain percentage of the greenhouse effect, because the influences of different gasses are not additive.

Other greenhouse gases include... (but are not limited to)

• nitrous oxide.
• sulfur hexafluoride.
• hydrofluorocarbons.
• perfluorocarbons.
  
• chlorofluorocarbons.

What does green house effect do to the environment?

• The higher the concentration of green house gases like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the more heat energy is being reflected back to the Earth. (as said in the previous paragraph)
• The emission of carbon dioxide into the environment mainly from burning of:

1. fossil fuels which is oil, gas, petrol, kerosene and more.
   
2. It has been increased dramatically over the past 50 years, see graph below.

• The increase of greenhouse gas concentration (mainly carbon dioxide) has led to a substantial warming of the earth and the sea, called global warming.
• In other words: The increase in the man-made emission of greenhouse gases is the cause for global warming. For the effects of global warming see below.

The effects of global warming:

There are two major effects of global warming:

• Increase of temperature on the earth by about 3° to 5° C (5.4° to 9° Fahrenheit) by the year 2100.

• Rise of sea levels by at least 25 meters (82 feet) by the year 2100.

• Which also means that more polar bears and other creatures in the icy parts of the world would eventually drown due to the rising of the sea levels.
  

A more detailed explanation...

• Increasing global temperatures are causing a broad range of changes.
  
• Sea levels are rising due to thermal expansion of the ocean, in addition to melting of land ice.
  
• Amounts and patterns of precipitation are changing.
  
• The total annual power of hurricanes has already increased markedly since 1975 because their average intensity and average duration have increased (in addition, there has been a high correlation of hurricane power with tropical sea-surface temperature).

• Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns increase the frequency, duration, and intensity of other extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, heat waves, and tornadoes.
  
• Other effects of global warming include higher or lower agricultural yields, further glacial retreat, reduced summer stream flows, species extinctions.
  
• As a further effect of global warming, diseases like malaria are returning into areas where they have been extinguished earlier.

Another cause of global warming.

Are cows the cause of global warming?

"Methane is one of the greenhouse gases that contributes to global warming"...

• A cow does on overage release between 70 and 120 kg of Methane per year.
  
• Methane is a greenhouse gas like carbon dioxide (CO2).
  
• But the negative effect on the climate of Methane is 23 times higher than the effect of CO2.
  
• Therefore the release of about 100 kg Methane per year for each cow is equivalent to about 2'300 kg CO2 per year.

1 kg of meat from	produces kg CO2e
beef	34.6
lamb	17.4
pork	6.35
chicken	4.57

Farming is basically serving the consumer's demand for food, we should look at our nourishment.

• With increased prosperity, people are consuming more meat and dairy products every year.
  
• Global meat production is projected to more than double from 229 million tonnes in 1999/2001 to 465 million tonnes in 2050, while milk output is set to climb from 580 to 1043 million tonnes.
  

What can we do to reduce global warming?

• We can also re use plastic bags OR we could get paper bags.

• Re-use paper, do not waste paper OR tissues or anything produced by a tree.
  

And why?
Deforestation and climate change are intimately connected:

• Globally, deforestation releases nearly 2 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, and is responsible for nearly 25 percent of man-made CO2 emissions.
  
• The destruction of the world's forests not only harms the communities that depend on them, but increasingly affects us all.

New cars are built overseas to prevent from global warming!

• The cars only take up solar energy to move and no fuel requirement is needed for it to move.
  
• Therefore if you get that car, it'd help you save the earth because you need not burn fossil fuels anymore! Thus not contributing to carbon dioxide.

Last but not least. CUT DOWN ON MEAT!!

• The most important conclusion for ourselves is: Eat much less meat and dairy products. This is one of the most effective ways to reduce our personal carbon footprint and to generally reduce our personal negative impact on the environment.